tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-224574402024-03-05T21:32:40.956-08:00Stranger Things Have HappenedA history blog, focusing primarily on the author's research and reading in American (particularly colonial, Revolutionary, and Native American) history.Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.comBlogger394125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-34987024847621591562024-02-19T09:12:00.000-08:002024-02-19T09:12:40.483-08:00Was Lincoln a Douche?<p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">On Presidents’ Day it is customary to laud Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth president of These United States, as the greatest of all American leaders. The man saved the Union, ended slavery, told good jokes, had nice legs - what’s not to like? <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/18/us/politics/biden-trump-presidential-rankings.html">Historians in a recent poll</a> affirmed their profession’s usual ranking of Lincoln as the Number One guy, well ahead of the current incumbent (No. 14) and his predecessor (No. 45). Old Abe of course has his critics, and not just among unreconstructed neo-Confederates. President Lincoln’s policy toward Native Americans - a combination of military repression and malign neglect - proved so destructive that Congress temporarily took over the conduct of Indian Affairs after Appomattox. Closer to our own time, Bobby Wilson, a member of the 1491s, assessed Lincoln’s relationship with his own Dakota nation in a short, pointed video, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOA3jLr7vXM">Lincoln Was a Douche</a>.” Reviewing the president's record, I kind of have to agree.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few years ago, the organizer of a podcast called <i>Lincoln Log</i> asked me to offer my scholarly assessment of Number Sixteen on his show. In his invitation the podcaster asked me how Lincoln had affected my life personally, which suggested that the show’s attitude toward Mr. Rail-Splitter was not merely reverential but theological. In my reply, which I offer below, I effectively declined the invitation: </span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">“</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">My recent scholarship endeavors to place Indigenous Americans at the center of their own stories, and to move white policy-makers toward the background</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">…My </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">views on Abraham Lincoln are shaped by the impact on Native Americans' lives of policies for which Lincoln, as president, bore ultimate if not always proximate responsibility.</span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSg7ZiukuYecTFJFdYC1-zKvtP_VF-ERp_Sozx-eyF8MnjT6Wv3kEH2SPNcNBa6AHR70Yva4ArNYxqF67wguuhlJxMiJX0vFCC-n9Gy3sn1dVzGQW1TyY5ARql1YDq6W4WpTkyNVM8q7jz_nJPNkBLsEuLhyphenhyphenDCt3xgKpA5jkBJdj89Alh65ZjLAQ/s640/Navajo%20Prisoners%20at%20Fort%20Sumner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="640" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSg7ZiukuYecTFJFdYC1-zKvtP_VF-ERp_Sozx-eyF8MnjT6Wv3kEH2SPNcNBa6AHR70Yva4ArNYxqF67wguuhlJxMiJX0vFCC-n9Gy3sn1dVzGQW1TyY5ARql1YDq6W4WpTkyNVM8q7jz_nJPNkBLsEuLhyphenhyphenDCt3xgKpA5jkBJdj89Alh65ZjLAQ/w399-h153/Navajo%20Prisoners%20at%20Fort%20Sumner.jpg" width="399" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Navajo prisoners at Bosque Redondo (Wikimedia Commons)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">"The years of Lincoln's presidency were ghastly ones for tens of thousands of American Indians. Your listeners are probably familiar with the story of the Dakota Sioux* rebellion of 1862 and the 38 men Lincoln hanged for insurrection; they are probably less familiar with the hundreds of Minnesota Ho-Chunks deported after the Sioux War (even though they had nothing to do with it), and with John Pope's deadly punitive campaign against the Lakota[s]...who also had nothing to do with the Dakota rising. Lincoln was less directly responsible for the California and Arizona militias' war of extermination against the Apaches, the Colorado militia's infamous attack on the Cheyenne encampment at Sand Creek, and Kit Carson's forced removal of the Navajos to Bosque Redondo, where 4,000 people died in four years. All of these military actions occurred, however, in the course of a...war with the Confederacy which Lincoln was determined to prosecute to unconditional victory, and all occurred in regions where Lincoln or his subordinates feared that Native American warriors might become recruits or catspaws of the CSA. (Not without some justification: the Five Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory did become formal allies of the Confederacy in 1861.) I have found little to no evidence that President Lincoln intended his Western commanders to fight a frontier war with kid gloves on.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">"It is worth noting that the intense, nearly genocidal character of the Indian Wars of 1862-65 generated growing criticism from white Americans. At the end of the Civil War Congress endeavored to wrest control of Indian policy away from the Executive Branch, setting up its own peace commission and initiating its own peace treaties with the Plains nations. A few years later President Ulysses Grant, taking back a leading role in Indian policy-making, called his new approach the "Peace Policy," to distinguish it from the more bellicose actions of his immediate predecessors - including Lincoln. Perhaps if he had survived his fatal trip to the theater Lincoln would have embraced a similar policy a few years earlier, but I haven't found much support for this counterfactual speculation. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">"…I</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">n an interview or conversation about 'Lincoln and the Indians,' I would emphasize the experiences of Native Americans, and while I could certainly try to explain the actions of President Lincoln and his subordinates, I would not be inclined to excuse or justify them. This approach to the subject may be too pitiless for your audience. If not, I would be glad to talk with you further about taking part in an episode of your podcast.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">”</span></span></span></p><p class="p"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></p><p class="p" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I didn’t appear on the </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic;">Lincoln Log</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></span></p><p class="p" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I rather like Lincoln as a person, and think he did some remarkable things as president, but the responsibilities of a modern historian - to tell the truth about the past - differ considerably from those of a hagiographer or professional moralizer.</span></span></p><p class="p" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></p><p class="p" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">* I would not use this term today, as many people find it offensive.</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><br /></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-86449841628137126292024-01-31T17:54:00.000-08:002024-02-03T05:25:35.088-08:00Social Welfare as Common Sense<p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;">My cherie and I spent part of a recent drive in Florida reading and discussing Thomas Paine’s 1797 pamphlet “Agrarian Justice,” a document both of its time and surprisingly prescient. AJ’s central premise and proposals grew from Paine’s reflections on natural rights throughout the course of his career. Briefly: private property was responsible for all that was best and worst in “civilized” countries. Property rights encouraged cultivation and increased productivity, such that agrarian countries could support ten times as many people as hunter-gatherer societies of equivalent territory. On the other hand, property produced a grotesque level of inequality, such that the most “degraded” people in the world lived cheek-by-jowl with the richest. Paine’s solution to the latter problem was not to eliminate property rights and agrarian civilization altogether, but to assert that all people had a property right that governments must secure to them: their collective ownership of land’s pre-improvement value, together with an equivalent fraction of the value of personal property. (He guesstimated that each fraction was about ten percent.) He grounded these rights in the assumption that land before improvement was the common property of all, and that part of the value of personalty came from “society,” which provided the labor markets, intellectual capital, and other structures that facilitated creation of that property. Governments - he addressed himself to his fellow revolutionaries in France and his former countrymen in England - should detach these fractions from property owners by way of a tax, and return it to all citizens by way of cash payments. Paine proposed an inheritance tax as least intrusive, since dead men needed little money and their children would eventually get part of the exaction transferred back to them. As for the payments themselves, AJ proposed giving every man and woman 15 pounds (the equivalent of about $3000 today) when they reached the age of 21, a “social dividend” that would help them set up an independent household and farm; in addition, every person over the age of 50, and every disabled person below that age, would receive L10 annually for their support. It is worth noting that Paine calculated the average adult life expectancy at 51 years, and the number of younger disabled people as fairly small. Nonetheless, his proposals are viewed today (by the American Social Security Administration, inter alia) as one of the intellectual foundations of social insurance, a feature of most modern nation-states.</span></span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij6SkWZ_CFKFCXMMq7QsEC-oLuC3ghJqbnBEk8gE36XIKTgqvyNq43y1xFZXtJyRLEXN8cB7SQgNkgIsN6pM7XLQe2w5lSINVuFoDUCcfCJtpQnOaNCmJQvjqGCwBld6FYcYJUkGsPhP13PFQhMSEW0Aa3FNS2Rv772s_eLxlW2F-C2RUC3Y2YpA/s2000/E3D8B722-11F9-4A32-97FA-EC9F69015FF1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1248" data-original-width="2000" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij6SkWZ_CFKFCXMMq7QsEC-oLuC3ghJqbnBEk8gE36XIKTgqvyNq43y1xFZXtJyRLEXN8cB7SQgNkgIsN6pM7XLQe2w5lSINVuFoDUCcfCJtpQnOaNCmJQvjqGCwBld6FYcYJUkGsPhP13PFQhMSEW0Aa3FNS2Rv772s_eLxlW2F-C2RUC3Y2YpA/s320/E3D8B722-11F9-4A32-97FA-EC9F69015FF1.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: large;">Citizen Paine expected the rich and powerful to oppose his tax on legacies rather than his payouts to the young and old. Two centuries of subsequent experience with the kind of social insurance program proposed in “Agrarian Justice” suggests the elite would actually oppose pensions and social dividends more than the supporting taxes. Their sticking point was and is Paine’s characterization of these payments as <i>rights. </i>In the Anglo-American world, at least, the upper classes have long been nervous about rights language, which might give the lower orders ideas above their station, and preferred to think instead of charity. Charity affirms the status and power of the giver and the humility and dependence of the recipient. The highborn sometimes even think of employment as a charitable enterprise: in the eighteenth century English gentleman so characterized their hiring of craftsmen and servants, and in our own time the American Republican Party, appanage of the plutocratic order, has proposed replacing Labor Day with “Job Creators’ Day,” to celebrate the generosity of management toward the plebeians. In an aside, Paine noted that the personal wealth of employers often came from their underpaying of their workers. He was, perhaps, insufficiently cynical, insofar as he could not see that the owner class preferred not to pay their workers at all, unless they could see those workers grovel for their pittance. Nor do I think he could have predicted that such attitudes would persist for over 225 years, and likely for another 225 after that.</span></span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-29496616776221586722023-12-22T09:26:00.000-08:002023-12-22T09:26:29.283-08:00The Court Fees Weren't Exactly Light<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Advice to sojourners in the early-modern era who are trying to avoid execution for witchcraft: be sure you are born male and have a high social rank. These inheritances helped ensure the pardon of Jeronimo Dirucaca, alleged witch and onetime governor of Picuris Pueblo in northeastern New Mexico. In 1713 several men and women from Picuris accused Dirucaca of multiple crimes against the community, including sorcery. Four Puebloan women told Spanish investigators that the former governor, hoping to draw them to his bed or to punish their rejection of his advances, had either enchanted or magically sickened them. Dirucaca’s other crimes included several extramarital sexual liaisons and encouraging his constituents to ignore their priest and “live as your ancestors did.” This last was to the Spanish a chilling reminder of the great revolt of 1680, in which Puebloan warriors killed 400 colonists and liberated New Mexico for the next decade. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRZQeG8JVrZKmgUljzk1oLfBAoF-AlRtGHSrJ8CdDt_6B5k1uZ0_ShxtpbQxcVEQGhInfoqeXsGrAtDslVxYu_HUS8ScpiDl9RlMxrrtZdS6rmVqmueEjp4YFUVp1U_P7w9y7qpZPkbePSuqitJGArBCO0TnFKIDFgNtkJIkGF1x1sH7upO9WTIA/s368/Picuris%20Pueblo.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="368" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRZQeG8JVrZKmgUljzk1oLfBAoF-AlRtGHSrJ8CdDt_6B5k1uZ0_ShxtpbQxcVEQGhInfoqeXsGrAtDslVxYu_HUS8ScpiDl9RlMxrrtZdS6rmVqmueEjp4YFUVp1U_P7w9y7qpZPkbePSuqitJGArBCO0TnFKIDFgNtkJIkGF1x1sH7upO9WTIA/w283-h118/Picuris%20Pueblo.gif" width="283" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picuris Pueblo, 1941 (Museum of N. Mexico)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Investigators in Picuris determined, however, that Ser Jeronimo’s rebelliousness extended little further than his own person. One of the Tewa Puebloans’ ancestral practices was polygyny, another of the crimes of which Dirucaca stood accused, and in aid of which he had allegedly employed his forbidden supernatural arts. For such a venial transgression Spanish officials were willing to grant leniency, particularly since the transgressor still retained his high rank in the community - the Puebloans allowed former governors to remain ranking elders or “notables,” and town leaders had even let Dirucaca retain his cane of office. Patriarchal rule hath its privileges.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Dirucaca’s willingness to pay a large bribe proved even more decisive in determining his fate. The defendant agreed to trade for a gubernatorial pardon an important piece of information: “the location of a hidden silver mine” in Picuris Canyon. Officials confirmed that the mine - probably the first actual source of silver the Spanish ever located in New Mexico - was real, and released Dirucaca after his payment of court expenses. More advice to time-travelers trying to elude witchcraft charges: be sure you own or have access to a silver mine.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><u>Sources</u>: Malcolm Ebright, “Advocates for the Oppressed: Indians, Genizaros and their Spanish Advocates in New Mexico, 1700-1786,” <i><span style="font-style: italic;">New Mexico Historical Review</span></i> 71 (1996): 305-39, quote 312; Tracy Brown, <i>Pueblo Indians and Spanish Colonial Authority in Eighteenth Century New Mexico </i>(University of Arizona Press, 2013), 46; Maurice Crandall, <i><span style="font-style: italic;">These People Have Always Been a Republic: Indigenous Electorates in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands</span></i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2019), 36-37</span>.</p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-71082597304814655022023-11-20T18:49:00.000-08:002023-11-20T18:49:31.811-08:00Some Underground Movements Begin at Versailles<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">An <a href="https://happenedstrangely.blogspot.com/2023/09/those-weird-and-luminous-lights-in-sky.html">improving climate</a> did not bring lasting relief from famine to eighteenth-century Europeans. France, the most populous kingdom on the continent, suffered from food shortages every decade until the nineteenth century. After one of the nation’s many failed harvests (1769-70), the Acad</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">é</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mie de Besançon offered a prize for the most compelling essay on alimentary alternatives to wheat and flour. The prize winner, who published his essay in 1771, was Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, a fervent advocate of potato cultivation and a pioneer in the field of food chemistry. His scientific achievements brought him the acclaim of the French elite, culminating in the cross of the Legion d’Honneur in 1802. In an important sense, however, Parmentier’s career ended in failure: he did not, in his lifetime, persuade French farmers to take up the cultivation of his favorite plant, the potato. That particular social revolution had to come from below.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBFYsUjLaVQDVQs2WBMuVU-HgaSS1OnWkQhqmx_XPzYsr2GIWfzwXqHvI6_Rv1hUDWNmUUMIFL5Y3ZX88jcdXsaOZagIlHZeKOtR7eEHpDhR3NpT0LbMgHZPcm3bmJ9Y44p-bUN3ey9chgeMhSOfa48zxL-8lxabcR89uWjLXq5YRbViRjJnqCAw/s1000/Dumont_-_Portrait_of_Antoine_Parmentier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="753" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBFYsUjLaVQDVQs2WBMuVU-HgaSS1OnWkQhqmx_XPzYsr2GIWfzwXqHvI6_Rv1hUDWNmUUMIFL5Y3ZX88jcdXsaOZagIlHZeKOtR7eEHpDhR3NpT0LbMgHZPcm3bmJ9Y44p-bUN3ey9chgeMhSOfa48zxL-8lxabcR89uWjLXq5YRbViRjJnqCAw/s320/Dumont_-_Portrait_of_Antoine_Parmentier.jpg" width="241" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Mass of foliage, or delicious snack?"<br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Mssr. Parmentier’s introduction to the humble spud came during the Seven Years’ War, when as an Army druggist he was captured and imprisoned by the Prussians. Prussia’s autocratic monarch Frederick II had obliged farmers to begin growing potatoes a generation earlier, and the nutritious tuber became a staple food of the east German peasantry. In prison Parmentier subsisted on three potatoey lumps per day, and upon his release found himself healthier than before. He subsequently became the leading French advocate of the </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">pomme de terre</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">, persuading the Sorbonne faculty of medicine to endorse potatoes’ salubriousness (1772) and winning converts to the cause at Versailles, where he gifted the high-born with potato flowers and potato-based dishes. One suspects the aristocracy, who enjoyed affecting rusticity, found the ingestion of pig food (as many European farmers used potatoes) charmingly earthy and authentic. One is reminded of P.J. O’Rourke’s joke about the Michelin-starred restaurant that served the hoi polloi a good meal but reserved for the true elite the opportunity to squat on the pavement and eat offal.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Parmentier in his later career conducted chemical analyses of wheat, chestnuts, and chocolate; developed sugar substitutes from grapes and beetroot; and opened a cooking school in Paris. He also tried to spread interest in </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">solanum tuberosum </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">by borrowing a trick from Frederick of Prussia: stationing guards around the test plot where he was growing potatoes, thus enticing the curious to steal samples of his secret and obviously valuable crop. Unfortunately, this won few lasting converts to the cause, and Parmentier died before spuds became popular with the rural majority. French peasants had believed for decades that potatoes caused leprosy, and even those who didn’t share this belief tended to avoid new crops. The French method of raising food on communal land divided into small, irregular family plots placed a premium on conformity and monocropping, and discouraged experimentation. Not until after the Napoleonic Wars and the devastating Year Without a Summer (1816) did large numbers of peasants begin adding potatoes to their crop rotation, whereupon the end of regular famines and concurrent rural population growth encouraged more cultivators to plant more potatoes. By the twentieth century France was the principal producer of </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">pommes de terres</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"> in Europe. Though not of French fries, which are apparently Belgian. Which would explain the mayonnaise fixation.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sources: Tom Standage, <i>An Edible History of Humanity</i> (Walker and Co., 2009), 120-22; Diana S., “<a href="https://www.thelandofdesire.com/2021/04/29/the-history-of-the-potato/">Antoine Parmentier & the History of the Potato</a>,” <a href="http://landofdesire.com">landofdesire.com</a>, 29 April 2021. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-6373599257961608072023-10-10T11:26:00.002-07:002023-10-10T11:26:49.265-07:00Fritz Jennings, Poet Laureate of Ethnohistory<p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">I had the privilege of meeting Francis Jennings - "Fritz" to his friends - at a party hosted by two of my doctoral advisors in 1996. Our conversation touched on such matters as Bernard Bailyn's late-career discovery that Native Americans existed (this counted as news among ethnohistorians) and Jennings's then-new book on Benjamin Franklin, which proved (IMHO) one of the better biographies of the man. I regret that I did not get to repeat the experience; Fritz entered managed care a year or two later and died in 2000.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Jennings was best known as a scholar and historical writer, but he made at least one foray into poetry. The advisors who hosted the aforementioned get-together, Mike Green and Theda Perdue, had previously co-directed with Jennings an ethnohistorical seminar at UNC Chapel Hill. The seminar seems to have generated some heated methodological arguments between historians and anthropologists, which Jennings finally commemorated in verse:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Of ages seminarish, I sing my plaintive lay</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">When the Anthros and the Histos went forth in great array</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">To battle fierce on issues large, resolved to clear the mystery:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">"Historical anthropology," or merely "ethnohistory"?</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">As ever with each other, the Anthros' fight was bitter</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Until the Histos hove in view and at the sight did titter;</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Then closed the Anthro ranks, and soon against the foe</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Their armament of jargon for bafflement did snow.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Upstreaming fast, they flanked the line. A fog enveloped all</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">While emic-etic bombadiers strafed hard the awful brawl.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">"They're in the field!" howled Histos. "We cannot follow there." </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">They ran and hid in archives deep -- dense darkness in their lair.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">"The fight's not fair," the Histos growled, "we dare not come to grips."</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">"For if we do, the chronicheit will spread to cripple quips.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">"We'll document with dates and data until they beg for ruth."</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">And so they fought until the field was littered with the truth.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">It was a famous victory at the setting of the sun.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The only issue unresolved remained the rude, "Who won?"</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">It won't make the Norton Anthology, but it is a far better thing than I have managed for any of my own classes.<br /></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-31117520356930531912023-09-29T17:52:00.002-07:002023-09-29T17:52:31.797-07:00Those Weird and Luminous Lights in the Sky Don't Necessarily Mean Bad News<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In March 1716 Edmond Halley became one of thousands of northern Europeans to witness a powerful display of the Northern Lights. The aurora manifested in England as streams of reddish-yellow light, perpendicular to the ground but spreading at the zenith to form a “corona.” Halley, later famed for predicting the periodicity of a certain comet*, <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1714.0050">published his observations of aurora borealis</a> in the British Royal Society’s principal periodical. His article proved remarkable for two reasons. First, Halley attributed the aurora not to the glory of God or Earth’s venting of luminiferous vapors, but to an effusion of “magnetical effluvia” that the Earth’s magnetism drew toward the North Pole. Halley was only partially correct - today we know that the Northern Lights are caused by charged solar particles impacting the Earth’s magnetic field - but he did at least connect the phenomenon with terrestrial magnetism.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNP-MWj4alyjQdCthRfJ1XwtHyx82H5-Wi291Kz6865-p8zVkSmf8bTG5m_kv4ivd49HgY2bq06iMc9CC4SOm1tLh8alE1I3pojY8a6QikZY7liKTi3WRoI0dKOODZEr9NspGkjWZTfiHtmQqYW2TIksSbrsRFGxKHfJjEUi5A31vxzFobxSdgVg/s640/Church_of_light%20AstroAnthony.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNP-MWj4alyjQdCthRfJ1XwtHyx82H5-Wi291Kz6865-p8zVkSmf8bTG5m_kv4ivd49HgY2bq06iMc9CC4SOm1tLh8alE1I3pojY8a6QikZY7liKTi3WRoI0dKOODZEr9NspGkjWZTfiHtmQqYW2TIksSbrsRFGxKHfJjEUi5A31vxzFobxSdgVg/w283-h189/Church_of_light%20AstroAnthony.jpg" width="283" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo by AstroAnthony via Wikimedia<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Second, Halley observed that the Northern Lights had become quite rare in Europe. Apart from a few low-powered manifestations over the winter of 1707-08, he knew of no recorded appearances of the aurora since 1621. The Lights had in fact <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11207-021-01811-7">appeared a few other times</a> in the previous century: in 1661-62 over England and Germany, and a couple of times in Romania in the early 1700s. That aurora borealis had not been seen in Halley’s homeland in over fifty years currently seems indisputable, and worthy of explanation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">In <i>The Global Crisis</i> (2013, p. 13), Geoffrey Parker pointed out the likely cause of the aurora’s long absence. As the Sun is the active agent in producing auroras, during periods of reduced solar radiation they tend to weaken or disappear altogether. Halley’s Hiatus (to coin a phrase) coincided with a period of drastically reduced sunspot activity - strong evidence of weakened solar output - that modern Earth scientists call the Maunder Minimum (1640-1715). This same period saw, not coincidentally, intermittent spells of drought and foul winter weather throughout the world, culminating in the <a href="https://happenedstrangely.blogspot.com/2020/01/winter-and-wolf.html?m=0">devastating winter of 1708-09</a>. The return of the auroras to northern Europe coincided with an increase in sunspot activity and solar output, and the subsequent decades saw a steady increase in the world’s population and food supply and the stabilization of some of its more powerful empires (e.g. Russia and China). Foul weather and failed harvests did not become commonplace again until the late 1780s. What Halley and his contemporaries were witnessing, then, was not an ill omen but a predictor of better times to come - the climatological end of the seventeenth century. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">* A disappointing one, for those of us who remember the dismal display Halley’s Comet put on in 1986. I’m told that astronomers expect no better from the 2061 encounter.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-649771454925150292023-08-13T16:56:00.002-07:002023-08-13T16:56:19.439-07:00The World Is a Garden and We Are All Flowers<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="line number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="page number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="table of authorities" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="macro" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toa heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Title" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Closing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Default Paragraph Font" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Message Header" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Subtitle" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Salutation" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Date" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Note Heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Block Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Hyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="FollowedHyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Strong" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Emphasis" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Document Map" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Plain Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="E-mail Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal (Web)" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Acronym" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Address" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Cite" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Code" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Definition" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Keyboard" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Preformatted" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Sample" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Typewriter" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Variable" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal Table" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation subject" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / a / i" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / 1.1 / 1.1.1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Article / Section" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Contemporary" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Elegant" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Professional" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Balloon Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Theme" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Placeholder Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No Spacing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Paragraph" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Intense Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">“I for one do not lament the passing of social organizations that used the many as a manured soil in which to grow a few graceful flowers of refined culture” - Theodosius Dobzhansky, quoted in Fernand Braudel, <i><span style="font-style: italic;">The Structures of Everyday Life</span></i> (1979), 186.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV0OqY7FNibC_nh-COfK3nO90ZKlqftriFQJ4MNdKb9lERTLAytSjU-ht1DHHGBdxdMadre39QTGmZk_Wc7fgraX9str4AUqtZA9SjS02pwOANOTIM4WYEUN8dddKPb3Uvll3qKNKi15EO_MyrSakbmE2PIc-l9pHOaMWDsqEi6Me28zlz2BzgEA/s379/Theodosius_Dobzhansky.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="262" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV0OqY7FNibC_nh-COfK3nO90ZKlqftriFQJ4MNdKb9lERTLAytSjU-ht1DHHGBdxdMadre39QTGmZk_Wc7fgraX9str4AUqtZA9SjS02pwOANOTIM4WYEUN8dddKPb3Uvll3qKNKi15EO_MyrSakbmE2PIc-l9pHOaMWDsqEi6Me28zlz2BzgEA/s320/Theodosius_Dobzhansky.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dobzhansky himself, 1966 (via Wikimedia)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Raised by elitist parents and schooled at a high-toned college - “four years in a lukewarm bath of snobbery,” to steal a phrase from Orwell - I in my youth grew accustomed to the argument that high culture could not exist without social inequality. The masses toiled and were taxed and exploited so that mannered commentators could discuss affairs of state on Sunday-morning television, philanthropists could endow galleries of art by past and present masters, and well-educated authors could write of adultery and ennui in the suburbs. Friedrich Nietzsche, a popular fellow on high-toned college syllabi, epitomized this aristocratic view in Chapter Nine of <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Beyond Good and Evil</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;">, claiming that only “a society believing in…differences of worth among human beings” could produce men of elevated spirit. These great-souled men, in turn, should rule a society that “is not allowed to exist for its own sake, but only as a foundation and a scaffolding, by means of which a select class of beings may…elevate themselves to their higher duties.” </span><span style="font-style: normal;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Exhausted and alienated by my parents' and contemporaries' elitism, how delighted I was to encounter, early in graduate school, Dobzansky's quote and his democratic attitude in a work by one of the modern masters of history. Braudel was a scholar as canonical in his way as Nietzsche, who nonetheless devoted his career to study and celebration of the everyday and common. People and the societies they create are ends in themselves, culture is produced and reproduced by everyone, the great innovators and artists of history owe much if not most of their insight to their teachers, contemporaries, and disciples, and nearly everyone has a good story to tell.* These observations and beliefs became all the more important for me to retain as American political and economic leaders adopted, in the early twenty-first century, the principles of one of Nietzsche’s bastard offspring, Ayn Rand. The United States’ headlong rush toward aristocracy slowed somewhat in the 2010s - more so during the recent unpleasantness - but the belief that most people don’t matter very much remains a compelling one for a powerful minority.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">(<i>The title of this post is from the underrated film </i>Party Girl<i> [1995].</i>) <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">* I’d like to claim that I learned most of these lessons from my graduate-school training and subsequent reading, but actually most of it came incidentally, from magazine articles and genre fiction. I learned of the categorical imperative from one of George Will’s columns; of the diffusion of creativity and good stories through the general population by way of Neil Gaiman’s <i>The Sandman</i> and another underrated film, <i>The Good Girl</i> (2001); and of the idea that “solitary” geniuses were usually inspired by other, more obscure geniuses from some of Stephen Jay Gould’s articles. The universalist definition of culture I will admit to acquiring from the essays of Clifford Geertz. </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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Nebraska</i> decision cost my family 10,000 dollars in student-loan forgiveness, and the wildfires in Canada poured enough smoke and exotic chemicals (e.g. formaldehyde) into southern Indiana that I developed a very bad cough, akin to that of a pack-a-day smoker. Sometimes it feels like the world is out to get you.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSFhjPsUK5_hl6kd_44IoO3GI4xuCebdnhM-1dIE9BkA6i9WWCXedDj-hU62wzMSFfYnSvezujCIZsNdVy5W5daPDWi4edXRqxz7IHMHXEEhKGvTu8qBcjoVBe9ycDSv5fC_JOJMpUiKRdnLOqto1kgHi7jeN-KPfvCLveXvT-9YSCMo7hr161uA/s1067/New%20York%20New%20York.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSFhjPsUK5_hl6kd_44IoO3GI4xuCebdnhM-1dIE9BkA6i9WWCXedDj-hU62wzMSFfYnSvezujCIZsNdVy5W5daPDWi4edXRqxz7IHMHXEEhKGvTu8qBcjoVBe9ycDSv5fC_JOJMpUiKRdnLOqto1kgHi7jeN-KPfvCLveXvT-9YSCMo7hr161uA/s320/New%20York%20New%20York.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New York City, 6.7.23. (Aelthemplaer, Wikimedia Commons)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">On the other hand, my better half and kiddos and I managed to avoid most of the hideously-hot weather afflicting the southern United States - and southern Europe, and eastern China, and the world in general - this July by visiting family in the Pacific Northwest, where we enjoyed cool days and sunny skies. We would have enjoyed them even more if we hadn't all come down with COVID, the pandemical disease that the rest of the world has supposedly managed to put behind it. One's misfortunes aren't always synchronized with those of the rest of the world. </span> <br /></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-23696242564186529662023-06-30T20:59:00.003-07:002023-07-31T05:26:00.777-07:00Things can hardly get worse<p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjVwAgO2yxxtoUmKobr1X_GwIrSWLUJw7t7FrCtLVz5VI_8RkLsBmS_j35r6tmUcXa37jbXSrep1OsL1c1TyPDis95roiwXPTa9jVVR7DR0H-rxUA9nXVeR7MWPbsVgukgFpW_qA1cVC58Y-AzGrhycEVwrlm2WP3TBuA51MjlfuhScfRgxIlrg/s4032/68EDFE06-F7B4-4808-8EF0-B67060E1CEC6.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjVwAgO2yxxtoUmKobr1X_GwIrSWLUJw7t7FrCtLVz5VI_8RkLsBmS_j35r6tmUcXa37jbXSrep1OsL1c1TyPDis95roiwXPTa9jVVR7DR0H-rxUA9nXVeR7MWPbsVgukgFpW_qA1cVC58Y-AzGrhycEVwrlm2WP3TBuA51MjlfuhScfRgxIlrg/s320/68EDFE06-F7B4-4808-8EF0-B67060E1CEC6.jpeg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cosí and Birdie, in repose.</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKXd9y7To5pZl4cXxYk-qrJ1KE8vOGBAWrxkpUrakq9_bGqdRmQa7FgosnyoEg66_3VixmZFLa4imBmD0hbMhhRLoE7rBjpP7dyJakY2_bAVy4zqMTSpKhwLbOKCXMJufdjnEVapWescWqCj3-2kX6pxhLAhIXcXxDAdDT-ZrX7eExmHx-otydzw/s4032/37C18775-0D21-40EF-863A-4D945ED264A0.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKXd9y7To5pZl4cXxYk-qrJ1KE8vOGBAWrxkpUrakq9_bGqdRmQa7FgosnyoEg66_3VixmZFLa4imBmD0hbMhhRLoE7rBjpP7dyJakY2_bAVy4zqMTSpKhwLbOKCXMJufdjnEVapWescWqCj3-2kX6pxhLAhIXcXxDAdDT-ZrX7eExmHx-otydzw/s320/37C18775-0D21-40EF-863A-4D945ED264A0.jpeg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A fawn, coming to say hello to his sibling.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Everything is terrible. Here are some cute animal pictures.</span></div><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-40525500732806422842023-04-30T09:53:00.000-07:002023-04-30T09:53:37.267-07:00That's Quite Enough, Mister Manypenny<p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Your Humble Narrator occasionally still publishes A Thing (other than this blog). Last fall the online journal <i>Cosmos & Taxis</i> included <a href="https://cosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/nichols_ct_vol10_iss9_10.pdf">my article</a> "Mr. Manypenny's Millions: Freedom and Sovereignty in the Nineteenth-Century Native American Annuity Conflict." "Freedom" is what Commissioner of Indian Affairs George Manypenny feared Indigenous Americans would lose if they became dependent on U.S. government annuities; "Sovereignty" is what Native American recipients believed these annuities regularly demonstrated. (Also, they were usually payments for past land cessions.) Why some Indigenous American leaders nonetheless agreed to convert their annuities to lump-sum payments forms a significant part of the story.</span></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyEDH9Xk09Z4hRYavVVI1Ncjjw10uJVQgtYPSFaqiffYuaUC2MLgXf6HEERfkJN216roa4IduxN5EDs7vy4QCfVEBPjSNxfLK5CQFhrd1LY68Dh9ltTpRCpUSXypG3Y5pkGgf4WROUUE8SR6GEu4I9Haoi3DfX472u1rHIDbgGMziv33EKj2Q/s852/Treasure%20Stock%20Footage.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="852" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyEDH9Xk09Z4hRYavVVI1Ncjjw10uJVQgtYPSFaqiffYuaUC2MLgXf6HEERfkJN216roa4IduxN5EDs7vy4QCfVEBPjSNxfLK5CQFhrd1LY68Dh9ltTpRCpUSXypG3Y5pkGgf4WROUUE8SR6GEu4I9Haoi3DfX472u1rHIDbgGMziv33EKj2Q/w400-h225/Treasure%20Stock%20Footage.webp" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Behold, the very source of one's enslavement.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-54566034154230101762023-03-08T08:46:00.001-08:002023-07-31T05:47:58.190-07:00Some Light Reading for Our Second Gilded Age<p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="table of figures" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="envelope address" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="envelope return" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="footnote reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="line number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="page number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="table of authorities" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="macro" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toa heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Title" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Closing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Default Paragraph Font" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Message Header" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Subtitle" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Salutation" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Date" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Note Heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Block Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Hyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="FollowedHyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Strong" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Emphasis" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Document Map" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Plain Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="E-mail Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal (Web)" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Acronym" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Address" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Cite" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Code" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Definition" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Keyboard" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Preformatted" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Sample" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Typewriter" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Variable" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal Table" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation subject" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / a / i" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / 1.1 / 1.1.1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Article / Section" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Contemporary" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Elegant" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Professional" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Balloon Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Theme" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Placeholder Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No Spacing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Paragraph" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Intense Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Coming soon to C-suite office bookshelves and rich dads’ Father’s Day lists: <i>Jet Dreams</i> (Baseturn, $120 US), an <a href="https://robbreport.com/motors/aviation/jet-dreams-coffee-table-book-1234770108/">illustrated tribute to owner-flown jets</a> and their illustrious owners. Author Jessica Ambats features forty “plucky” CEOs who have acquired Embraers, decommissioned fighter planes, and other luxury aircraft and learned how to pilot them. In some cases, when they or the author wanted to take dramatic multi-aircraft photos, the owners graciously allowed ex-fighter jocks to fly their dream vehicles, confining themselves to riding shotgun.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRc_Qsl3_RorfoTso5cqYF2-Y_3TiK5zRWfKXvigMH0WyOweAzcen3BUOK7Usf3id7wI-Cd3hidde53WTsLMKGNri5pNnYAh3Ckt8j5xysnmOb7yx36pJwg2VgOL7BFmP_LGo61hcrM2Pe9dGzJTB2E4lt9Axq3Qcuu0gBMnMY1YGA6kyAqUY/s661/Up%20In%20the%20Air.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="440" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRc_Qsl3_RorfoTso5cqYF2-Y_3TiK5zRWfKXvigMH0WyOweAzcen3BUOK7Usf3id7wI-Cd3hidde53WTsLMKGNri5pNnYAh3Ckt8j5xysnmOb7yx36pJwg2VgOL7BFmP_LGo61hcrM2Pe9dGzJTB2E4lt9Axq3Qcuu0gBMnMY1YGA6kyAqUY/s320/Up%20In%20the%20Air.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This one's for you, Junior Birdman.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ambats adduces several reasons why chief executive officers might want to buy and fly jets, including childhood wish-fulfillment, bonding with millionaire dads, undertaking charitable works for cougars, and getting away from it all. Thorsten Veblen, I dare say, could have identified several more, but then he couldn’t even have afforded a piddling Cirrus Vision SF50, the cheapest private jet on the market.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Incidentally, for the cost of that Cirrus (about $2,500,000 US), one could buy a pretty nice house in these here parts - 5 bedrooms, 6 bathrooms, lakeside view, perhaps a private boat slip. Or one could pick up nine or ten gently-used Cessna 172 Skyhawks and fly forty friends and relatives to their favorite sportsball game. Or one could take 50-60,000 people out to dinner at Olive Garden (reservations recommended). The more pragmatic millionaire could simply buy something more personally useful, like a Congressman.</span></span></p><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-56968557230706375452023-02-23T08:35:00.003-08:002023-02-23T08:35:31.273-08:00In the Army Now<p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">When in 1948 the American ambassador to Egypt, Stanton Griffis, asked for an estimate of army strength in a nearby Southwest Asian country*, his attache replied “five thousand men under arms, half…usually absent without leave, and other half looking for them. When they find them they change places.” This seems an eminently sensible strategy to me, applicable to service in many non-military institutions as well.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0UdeC1ky7vM92v_KlZs2bHyQqJSSvNEDVTiKEmCb8WUKOciALXtbAlTvIpdxAL-doMtl_NxD8NDqlJbPjrghrJq1RiGfeNz958mrxZ9c4vmOqthJpYnZjKHQaL16RKhplfnr-L-XlwqUroOlpvCSkvda716y_H0-8nclliTz0x0DLc8T3Sjs/s406/MP%20helmet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="406" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0UdeC1ky7vM92v_KlZs2bHyQqJSSvNEDVTiKEmCb8WUKOciALXtbAlTvIpdxAL-doMtl_NxD8NDqlJbPjrghrJq1RiGfeNz958mrxZ9c4vmOqthJpYnZjKHQaL16RKhplfnr-L-XlwqUroOlpvCSkvda716y_H0-8nclliTz0x0DLc8T3Sjs/s320/MP%20helmet.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><u>Sources</u>: Stanton Griffis, <i>Lying in State</i> (1952), p. 215; Douglas Dixon, <i>Beyond Truman: Robert Ferrell and Crafting the Past</i> (Lanham, MD, 2020), 135.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">* The ambassador did not identify the country in question, but I suspect it was Lebanon, whose army was then new, small, and underfunded.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></p><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-52623335236000913182023-01-30T05:00:00.001-08:002023-01-30T05:00:00.179-08:00Take That, You Tower-Building Fiends<p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Eiffel Tower, most iconic of Paris’s monuments, has no obvious function beyond holding up an expensive restaurant and thousands of bewildered tourists. It also has no obvious significance. Notre Dame attests to the legitimizing relationship between the national government and God Almighty. The Arc de Triomphe celebrates the victories of France’s greatest general. Sacré Coeur Basilica expresses the Third Republic’s regrets for letting the proles get out of hand in 1871. The celebrated tower, however, says nothing except “Look at me, for I am tall.” Tourist oriented media identify two primary goals of Gustav Eiffel and his construction company: to demonstrate the capabilities of steel frame architecture, and to adorn the 1889 Paris exposition. Simon Winder argues, however (in <i>Lotharingia</i> [2019], p. 469, n.13.1), that the Tower’s great height, and the message it sent to a certain neighboring country, were its real purposes.</span></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: large;">In the late nineteenth century France and Germany undertook an extended pissing contest over which nation had the tallest building in the world. France had held that rank since Louis XIV occupied Strasbourg (1681), whose cathedral’s spire rose to 142 meters. Germany took the record-setting building when it annexed Strasbourg, along with the rest of Alsace, in 1871. Unable to make good the loss of national territory, French builders redressed the new Franco-German height imbalance by completing the hideous metal spire of Rouen Cathedral (1876), height 151 meters. Germany riposted with Cologne Cathedral, whose *two* spires reached 157 meters upon completion in 1880. The Eiffel Tower, at 300 meters nearly twice as tall as its predecessor, represented a giant raised middle finger to German architects: “Follow that, you silly bastards.”</span></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-nQQyI3Z4PYur4uCMkaNSlQ9TUB6kmlZZtff9_L2T8V1X-Jlx1Xi_XRDR7PIfIno140Ey4sEv4EM7FOD0PA72ISd0qPkJaDCWOcTz1r3VZJtj06PN7q422RjgU5t1QCfIFeNv3MHl-wiJmdMtSYOZLHMuwsxG1cQoKb03QeSpV6r3WUW6sJ0/s1024/36671958-2485-4EF5-B1B6-386199FE8FD3.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-nQQyI3Z4PYur4uCMkaNSlQ9TUB6kmlZZtff9_L2T8V1X-Jlx1Xi_XRDR7PIfIno140Ey4sEv4EM7FOD0PA72ISd0qPkJaDCWOcTz1r3VZJtj06PN7q422RjgU5t1QCfIFeNv3MHl-wiJmdMtSYOZLHMuwsxG1cQoKb03QeSpV6r3WUW6sJ0/s320/36671958-2485-4EF5-B1B6-386199FE8FD3.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Strasbourg Cathedral, where all the trouble started.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="s1"></span></div><span class="s1"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="s1"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: large;">France eventually lost the world height record to the Americans, upon completion of the Chrysler Building (319m) in 1930. By then the Republic had recovered Alsace and Strasbourg Cathedral, the start of the whole architectural arms race, in the First World War. It’s a pity that the French and Germans didn’t continue to sublimate their geographical rivalry into a tower-and-skyscraper contest, but I suppose they didn’t think a protracted phallus-calibrating contest was manly enough.</span></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXWUemaRepTB0IwfaTt3jJ7P_LWcYgiQGt22kc-RHIuGQKy0be1VFfNL_k805Lt1cbva7_2D2uJQFjXh_mYnsQYoCCQ4WeTbUA7dPzpjoIQ7yOQ9I1YIi3__5CqKVZSWwwMbR_JJT03rG14lu7EkjZgcAbB0Z20D-DcV1AZDzaaal1PHsCYyg/s2000/A24FCCC8-F350-417A-9788-BBD024B86DA2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1410" data-original-width="2000" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXWUemaRepTB0IwfaTt3jJ7P_LWcYgiQGt22kc-RHIuGQKy0be1VFfNL_k805Lt1cbva7_2D2uJQFjXh_mYnsQYoCCQ4WeTbUA7dPzpjoIQ7yOQ9I1YIi3__5CqKVZSWwwMbR_JJT03rG14lu7EkjZgcAbB0Z20D-DcV1AZDzaaal1PHsCYyg/s320/A24FCCC8-F350-417A-9788-BBD024B86DA2.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1889 view of the A Bas les Allemands Tower.</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-48255008264595949592022-12-15T05:00:00.001-08:002022-12-15T05:00:00.172-08:00What I've Been Reading<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Herewith, some of the more memorable books Your Humble Narrator read this year:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTk_vee7xTw1yk09yMfPWObd4oS8G-3T1x7R9F5ocicTqxLTHz-PT7iIxjTK6WjEbLFj3wLB5Ti7subZ2lSaYUisW0Yo7rzx-Qk84KkYbRxiGICRW2g66o34Jb64Mfl8_meOI4h6MV0Bti5uAt-NV-efFvwiawgq8Fiyw-XeQSfuG7TelBqYY/s313/B5750CC5-68F6-4092-93AE-6A7C04D9A527.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="236" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTk_vee7xTw1yk09yMfPWObd4oS8G-3T1x7R9F5ocicTqxLTHz-PT7iIxjTK6WjEbLFj3wLB5Ti7subZ2lSaYUisW0Yo7rzx-Qk84KkYbRxiGICRW2g66o34Jb64Mfl8_meOI4h6MV0Bti5uAt-NV-efFvwiawgq8Fiyw-XeQSfuG7TelBqYY/s1600/B5750CC5-68F6-4092-93AE-6A7C04D9A527.jpeg" width="236" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>The Ballad of Black Tom</i>: Say what you will about Cthulhu, at least he isn’t a damn racist.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Between Two Fires</i>: Demonic hordes invade western Europe during the Black Death. Piling on, one might say. This is - no lie - the best fantasy novel I’ve read since N.K. Jemisin’s <i>Fifth Season</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Danubia</i>: Essentially, the Habsburgs were all magic-users.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>The Dawn of Everything</i>: Very long, and not entirely convincing. But Graeber and Wengrow have persuaded me that inequality is not a prerequisite for complex societies.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Echogenesis</i>: A crashed-spaceship story infused with eau d’<i>Edge of Tomorrow</i>. All of the parts are derivative, but the execution is original.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Invisible Sun</i>: Stross didn’t want to write this novel, but he did so anyway, and did so competently. Yay?</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Lost Tribes Found</i>: The “Indians are the Ten Lost Tribes” trope was invented by whites but employed by some Native Americans for political reasons.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Midwest Futures</i>: The Midwest has always been a Gernsbackian sci-fi story disguised as a self-satisfied just-so story.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Ogres</i>: Another “is it sci-fi or fantasy?” mystery. Well plotted and a quick read.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>The Power Broker</i>: “Baby Screamed; Rat in Crib” should have been Robert Moses’ epitaph.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Saga</i>, volume 10: Superbly written; worth the three-year wait.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Superman: Red Son</i>: This is the only Superman movie I’d willingly watch.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Tobacco Road</i>: Reading this was like spending all night in a cheap brothel, then taking a bath in a pig wallow.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Walking to Aldebaran</i>: A science-fictional First Contact story meets Dungeons and Dragons, with lots of bloody body-horror mixed in. Whoever is re-making </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Alien </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">should film this instead.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>William Howard Taft</i>: Several American presidents didn’t really want the office. Taft was one. What he really wanted was a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court. And so it came to pass.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-29422494941524925842022-11-25T08:03:00.001-08:002022-11-25T08:03:22.083-08:00Any Good News in 2022?<p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Courtesy of <a href="https://futurecrun.ch/goodnews">Future Crunch</a>, here is a selection of good-news stories from the past year. Most did not make it into mainstream media (whatever that means nowadays), because good news is generally statistical, while bad news - “powerful people behaving badly,” “something went wrong” - often takes the form of a narrative. We like a good story, even if it makes us feel terrible. These stories are drier, but won’t leave the reader feeling helpless and hopeless.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Africa</i>: Morocco expanded paid paternity leave to 15 days. Niger has reclaimed 400,000 hectares of desert land under the multi-national Green Wall project. Benin legalized abortion. Sierra Leone’s president announced the allocation of 22 percent of next year’s budget to education. Togo announced eradication of four tropical diseases, including trachoma and trypanosomiasis. The Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Zambia outlawed the death penalty. Rwandan hospitals used drones to make 250,000 medical deliveries.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgotZ8-_0x1o8_w3DSVAnilpYu-fzsc1urFdGgoKr277rQD5eO2AYRtsaMF6GlP_WEp8vBQgrdkJqaHpep_N0PLFcF1rNURPt0BEtACx8NyyrBM4xefx7fDPZogj5mkyjO1qSD9d41OnDJidrKMqdHPYIDoK8uFdTLUauxTLbIndlUwSbT_hyg/s620/Sierra%20Leone%20Students.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="620" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgotZ8-_0x1o8_w3DSVAnilpYu-fzsc1urFdGgoKr277rQD5eO2AYRtsaMF6GlP_WEp8vBQgrdkJqaHpep_N0PLFcF1rNURPt0BEtACx8NyyrBM4xefx7fDPZogj5mkyjO1qSD9d41OnDJidrKMqdHPYIDoK8uFdTLUauxTLbIndlUwSbT_hyg/w320-h201/Sierra%20Leone%20Students.webp" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Students in Sierra Leone. Credit: <i>The Guardian</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Asia</i>: As of 2020, 97 percent of India’s households have access to electricity. The Philippines banned child marriage. “You’ll have to go to the United States for that sort of thing,” officials in Manila reportedly said. In China, the city of Chaozhou is planning a 43 GW wind farm in the Taiwan Strait. Thailand legalized medical marijuana.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Europe</i>: Several large western European countries have announced plans to replace home gas boilers with heat pumps and boost wind turbine construction. A certain Russian president may have had something to do with this. Poland accepted over two million refugees from the Ukraine war. 92 Saimaa seal pups were born in Finland. Seville, Spain is building underground canals to help cool the city. London turned seven billion lbs. of earth from the Elizabeth Line excavation into a wetland bird sanctuary. British firms announced an increase in productivity from their experimental four-day work week; four out of five plan to continue the experiment voluntarily.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMtK0UjczJSTtLpsYBhk2Fadx8VPkacKBDjoxxVQD0JFTaBR_m5PM7XCdLmWXevd3JE-qBQvaBwJnSN0XTwiaz5kg1MIkqP4ei9BcL157HWa1DzHhDS10M6B6A51eu7u174eI-oTBabwyvx3iI_Vt-effHHVTh48rlDpXImJe-mfXS7CSKV8/s640/Saimaa%20Seal%20Stamp.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="640" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTMtK0UjczJSTtLpsYBhk2Fadx8VPkacKBDjoxxVQD0JFTaBR_m5PM7XCdLmWXevd3JE-qBQvaBwJnSN0XTwiaz5kg1MIkqP4ei9BcL157HWa1DzHhDS10M6B6A51eu7u174eI-oTBabwyvx3iI_Vt-effHHVTh48rlDpXImJe-mfXS7CSKV8/s320/Saimaa%20Seal%20Stamp.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Saimaa seal stamp (Wikimedia)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>North America</i>: Canada approved psilocybin and MDMA as psychiatric drugs. Canada also announced plans to increase annual immigration to 500,000 by 2025. I don’t know if these stories are related. The following two might be: solar power capacity in the United States has risen 2,000 percent since 2011, and Duke Energy announced it will fully exit coal-fired power generation by 2035. The American Inflation Reduction Act allocated about $40 billion for conservation. The Snoqualmies bought 12,000 acres of ancestral land in Washington state. Five other Native nations partnered with the U.S. to manage Bears Ears National Monument. Colorado, California, and Maine will provide free school meals to all public-school students. California announced plans to manufacture insulin for state residents. In Mexico, same-sex marriage is now legal in all states, and bullfighting is illegal.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1VEGZnFvbXJD5zi0rWhlOfEkojYIoCX_pQBHjaMNBF87Xvqg0CVS3sWJqnZx2NA7pb3Muq6PpgBPHXbo4nekqa3kPudF90hrvoLVTY3squM4l1zaoZvaFwQhsAjAumEkxK9lbECr49FXdPZyHnw5GlSZdDB2yLm7DygszlYhu-LgC8J7LDE/s640/Bears%20Ears.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="640" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1VEGZnFvbXJD5zi0rWhlOfEkojYIoCX_pQBHjaMNBF87Xvqg0CVS3sWJqnZx2NA7pb3Muq6PpgBPHXbo4nekqa3kPudF90hrvoLVTY3squM4l1zaoZvaFwQhsAjAumEkxK9lbECr49FXdPZyHnw5GlSZdDB2yLm7DygszlYhu-LgC8J7LDE/s320/Bears%20Ears.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bear's Ears Natl. Monument (Wikimedia)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>South America</i>: Lula defeated Jair Bolsonaro in the Brazilian presidential election. This is unqualified good news for the whole planet. Also in Brazil, the golden lion tamarin has been saved from extinction. The Rainforest Trust protected one million more acres of tropical forest in Ecuador, Central America, and southeast Asia.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlC9g4Xnw6r6k3MPKIrubur0WHwQDtlvL10TV8GfccuoMp-GtZCcK1lMeAB7UAz26A4gaVYTM-RPRNJSiHWTyR_T2IcR-YCukn8F0Ohu4QkIICFWVOqKTTFO5bHMG261gBI2BalyRwfp8SU2rGY54b_mla44ANV1fisE0Gaej0WFC8TQCVrEU/s960/Tamarin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlC9g4Xnw6r6k3MPKIrubur0WHwQDtlvL10TV8GfccuoMp-GtZCcK1lMeAB7UAz26A4gaVYTM-RPRNJSiHWTyR_T2IcR-YCukn8F0Ohu4QkIICFWVOqKTTFO5bHMG261gBI2BalyRwfp8SU2rGY54b_mla44ANV1fisE0Gaej0WFC8TQCVrEU/s320/Tamarin.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I AIN'T DEAD YET (Wikimedia)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>The World at Large</i>: Artemis I successfully launched and rounded the Moon in November. Global child mortality reportedly dropped from twelve to five million between 1990 and 2020. The Intl Energy Agency reports that renewable and nuclear power now employ more people globally than fossil fuels. In Australia, ranchers are raising asparagopsis seaweed as an additive to cattle feed. It will reduce methane omissions by up to 95 percent and make cows more comfortable in social situations.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnoR7GIlSXIu13n0tlX8QmotJvm-FD0jZahuDI8UnmFopBk-SLVHHKZKKvn4LCPk83U-zm62_VLUjNnPjLdXmWIobu4p-Dsw4rYZDUFlSWNLuOO9U4pMweBoUtzRQN-UE0IJOzz1Pnwab8pfbNakNr10jtA0vzJQyatV-PMnteQCY-R4GLkcg/s640/Artemis%20I.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="640" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnoR7GIlSXIu13n0tlX8QmotJvm-FD0jZahuDI8UnmFopBk-SLVHHKZKKvn4LCPk83U-zm62_VLUjNnPjLdXmWIobu4p-Dsw4rYZDUFlSWNLuOO9U4pMweBoUtzRQN-UE0IJOzz1Pnwab8pfbNakNr10jtA0vzJQyatV-PMnteQCY-R4GLkcg/s320/Artemis%20I.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Artemis I heads to the Moon (Wikimedia)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-55703089653612881952022-10-31T06:54:00.001-07:002022-11-25T08:05:19.332-08:00No Amount of Praise Is Ever Enough<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Longtime fans of John Oliver’s <i>Last Week Tonight</i> will recall his episode (12 Aug. 2019) on Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, the incumbent autocrat of Turkmenistan. President Berdimuhamedov’s egotism and eccentricities - including his single-minded love of horses - and his cavalier attitude (cough) toward civil liberties seem fairly typical of post-Soviet dictators. What Oliver failed to capture in his segment was the modesty and transparency of Mr. Berdimuhamidov’s regime when compared to that of his predecessor, Saparmurat Niyazov, alias Turkmenbashi. At some point in his career, someone must have handed Comrade Niyazov a biography of Caligula and challenged him to outdo the mad emperor in sheer dictatorial excess. Turkmenbashi did so. During his fifteen-year reign (1991-2006), the Autocrat of All the Turkmen made these contributions to the annals of megalomania:</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>1</b> Added “the Great” to his official name, and claimed descent from Alexander (an early member of the Great family) and Muhammed.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>2</b> Emblazoned his portrait on all the nation’s currency and in the top corner of every state television broadcast.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>3</b> Renamed the months of the year after members of his family.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>4</b> Outlawed all institutions and practices that he considered detrimental to the spiritual health of the Turkmen people, or just offensive to him personally, e.g. circuses, ballet, Internet cafes, long hair on men, and makeup on TV actors.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>5</b> Wrote* a national bestseller, <i>Ruhnama, The Book of Wisdom</i>, an encomium to the Turkmen and their Father, Turkmenbashi. The <i>Ruhnama </i>became the subject of a giant monument in Turkmenistan’s capital, the principal text used in high school and college classes - replacing such inferior subjects as the humanities - and an obligatory text in mosques. Driving tests, too.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>6</b> Financed his expensive remaking of the capital city, Ashgabat, by firing 110,000 teachers and health workers.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGkgK42be9N9olrTcyYK74kXy_J7PieTJdAMpOhevJJgjcO2FtBb49XbZtQg6ClK7uWeySrvADN_MHPAepCaIPwtOelVx5a7R9tf7cNoCAIIjji6D_fRO3C7ogfheAeAniKWa-QFCg6S46GSuAviKpZpd3HSoDzyNPJi_PzwXIePblFfEHkQw/s800/Turkmenbashi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGkgK42be9N9olrTcyYK74kXy_J7PieTJdAMpOhevJJgjcO2FtBb49XbZtQg6ClK7uWeySrvADN_MHPAepCaIPwtOelVx5a7R9tf7cNoCAIIjji6D_fRO3C7ogfheAeAniKWa-QFCg6S46GSuAviKpZpd3HSoDzyNPJi_PzwXIePblFfEHkQw/w369-h240/Turkmenbashi.jpg" width="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turkmenbashi wishes you Bon Voyage!<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Most of these policies were ended by Turkmenbashi’s dentist and successor, the aforementioned Gurbanguli Berdimuhamedov. The new president continued Niyazov’s suppression of dissent and imprisonment of political rivals; modern Turkmenistan has won no accolades from Amnesty International, and it rivals North Korea in its attitude toward press freedom. Still, in an age when many of us can only look forward to the next dictator, it is comforting to know that some dictators are less chaotic and vicious than others.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">* They always write a book, these dictators. Mussolini even wrote a romance novel, <i>The Cardinal's Mistress</i> (1910). I understand its obscurity is not entirely undeserved. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Source</u>: Erika Fatland, <i>Sovietistan </i>(Pegasus, 2021), 48-56.</span><br /></span></p><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-68491952755274346102022-08-10T05:00:00.001-07:002022-08-10T05:00:00.180-07:00Treasure Type H<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">As befits an imperial family whose empire at one point stretched from Central Europe to the Andes, whose subject peoples bore little love for the imperator, and whose military record tended in its later centuries toward the sub-par, the Habsburgs were obsessed with their own legitimacy. A succession of emperors devoted their attention not to improving the lives of the common folk (riff-raff, all of them) but to filling them with a sense of supernatural awe and dread. To this end, they turned the Habsburg court and its adjuncts into theaters of ritual, and devoted much of their day to ceremonies, like royal banquets and receptions, designed to aggrandize the imperial person. Adorning these theaters were countless relics and cult objects chosen to demonstrate the dynasty’s age, gravitas, and close relationship with the divine or supernatural realm. The imperial wunderkammer included a mantle that allegedly belonged to Charlemagne*; a “unicorn” horn, or rather a narwhal tusk, that Ferdinand I had decreed one of the dynasty’s “inalienable heirlooms”; an agate bowl inscribed with the letters “XRISTO,” which the Habsburgs identified as either the Holy Grail or part of the same dinnerware set; an alleged basilisk in a real bottle; an emerald bottle from South America; two bored ostriches and a live dodo; and a lustrous black sword, engraved with eldritch runes that could devour the souls of its victims. I may have made one of these artifacts up. </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhbeNHdcCvZJP5qf8dlmMqxfAsGxm97n4VxnlWXdlnVXaMqgguUeYV9iTexzYd7mmn47id-Il0yPieEc25u7S0JYO6GSsSHcdRcHOZ6XPZnqRsXgoVUdtt8sqJiF2gydo5jB7xc5QXFCsJBlZbTOmKNusOklvMuhpVASs4u6W7oocIq5694XE/s780/Habsburg%20Holy%20Grail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="780" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhbeNHdcCvZJP5qf8dlmMqxfAsGxm97n4VxnlWXdlnVXaMqgguUeYV9iTexzYd7mmn47id-Il0yPieEc25u7S0JYO6GSsSHcdRcHOZ6XPZnqRsXgoVUdtt8sqJiF2gydo5jB7xc5QXFCsJBlZbTOmKNusOklvMuhpVASs4u6W7oocIq5694XE/s320/Habsburg%20Holy%20Grail.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Please specify your name, quest, and favorite color.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Simon Winder, a popular historian of the dynasty, described Habsburg power as “strangely hieratic and spooky.” The adverb doesn’t necessarily apply. Early modern Europeans often ascribed priestlike powers to monarchs, as for example in the English and French royal custom of curing scrofula, the “king’s evil.” The Habsburgs stood out from their western European contemporaries, however, in their association of legitimacy with royal isolation. Queen Anne (the last English monarch to attempt the cure) and Louis XVI used the laying-on of hands to affirm their divine power, but did so, necessarily, via direct contact with the rank-scented multitude. The Austrian emperors’ treasures and rituals, by contrast, demonstrated the great distance between them and the common folk, and even the nobility. During his very long reign the penultimate emperor, Franz Joseph, believed that he could hold his fractious empire together by invoking his subject peoples’ common love for the royal person. That they all chose instead to join a different set of artificial families, offered by the nationalist movements of the early twentieth century, vexed him but remained beyond his comprehension. Why wouldn’t anyone want to remain under the rule of a family that had such wonderful toys?</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><u>Source</u>: Simon Winder, <i>Danubia: A Personal History of Habsburg Europe</i> (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2013), 85-87, 121-125, 156-57</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">* Actually it was the former possession of Roger II of Sicily. He had it embroidered with gold camels.</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-50916909071543329662022-07-07T05:00:00.001-07:002022-07-07T05:00:00.167-07:00More Dairy, Less Empire<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOS0daTJfLQnDCS3KN2THpH9_32DKvDh5PosqLV3QJRdsil5WwbWm8ipwOf1e8FNotuSK5zercmjDJ3RdMxnlDM43oYkFjQ01gBZAS065fiO9g0yUVz26-Jj9q0NFsC8V1IakgnduMssfO8l175DI7scmg-asyu4dMJYiYMGZ2QyXj9cSAE04/s1118/88F723A4-905D-45D6-818B-F4ECD71AC5BC.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1118" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOS0daTJfLQnDCS3KN2THpH9_32DKvDh5PosqLV3QJRdsil5WwbWm8ipwOf1e8FNotuSK5zercmjDJ3RdMxnlDM43oYkFjQ01gBZAS065fiO9g0yUVz26-Jj9q0NFsC8V1IakgnduMssfO8l175DI7scmg-asyu4dMJYiYMGZ2QyXj9cSAE04/s320/88F723A4-905D-45D6-818B-F4ECD71AC5BC.jpeg" width="229" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">“I will moo harder!” says Comrade Cow.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Some time ago on This Here Blog I wrote very favorably about Yegor Gaidar’s <a href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/20070419_Gaidar.pdf">2007 paper</a> “The Soviet Collapse: Grain and Oil.” In that essay Gaidar attributed the fall of the Soviet empire to a shortage of the one and a worldwide oversupply of the latter. More specifically: Soviet agriculture stagmated in the 1960s, and the USSR had to import grain to feed a growing population. Lacking hard currency, the Soviets sold oil and gas to pay for the imports. This worked until the oil price collapse of the mid-1980s. Thereafter Soviet officials made up the difference by borrowing abroad, which made their government an economic dependency of West Germany. When Bonn decided it didn’t like the Russian occupation of Eastern Europe, Gorbachev had to agree; Deutschmark <i>uber alles</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Gaidar’s explanation was oversimplified, but not incorrect. At any rate, it had the advantage of attributing the Soviet collapse to economic crisis and bad political decisions, a more believable explanation than the <i>dolchstoss</i> theory favored by Vladimir Putin and his minions, or the Victory-through-Star-Wars narrative of American neoconservatives. Mr. Gaidar underestimated, however, how much bad political decisions accounted for the USSR’s later food shortages. I refer here not to the collectivization of agriculture - which, admittedly, didn’t help - but to something <a href="https://origins.osu.edu/read/ukraine-food-war-agriculture?language_content_entity=en">just noted by historian Ian Sheldon</a>: Moscow’s decision in the early 1970s to ramp up domestic meat and dairy production. This was part of an overall effort by Eastern Bloc nations to quash political discontent by raising living standards. In the Soviet Union, government ministers believed that more beefsteaks and sour cream would pacify the population and head off challenges to Moscow’s authority.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The peoples of the USSR got a temporary improvement in their diets, but the cost was the reallocation of grain to livestock, and substitution via an unstable raw-materials market and then excessive borrowing. It proved a dumb decision in the long run, but the Soviet system (five-year plans to the contrary) prioritized short- and medium-term fixes. Such are the consequences of filling one’s leadership cadre with decrepit septuagenerians, lifelong drunkards, and great shambling bags of Lorezepam (looking at you, Leonid). </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">In his article “Ukraine: The Breadbasket of Europe” (link above), Sheldon reports that the fall of the USSR ended Moscow’s subsidization of the meat and dairy industries, and the larger republics (like Ukraine) began privatizing most of their farms. Corn and wheat production took off, and by 2010 Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine exported more grain that the entire Soviet Union had imported in 1990. By 2020 many other nations had become dependent either on Russian and Ukrainian foodstuffs or Russian hydrocarbons, which is what made the outbreak of war between the two former Soviet republics so economically devastating. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The price of eliminating communism was finding something to fill the ideological gap, in this case a combination of regional authoritarianism and neoliberalism, both of which have proven widely damaging to a vastly more interconnected world.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-84459387078868613602022-06-16T07:12:00.000-07:002022-06-16T07:12:31.134-07:00Of Calligrams and Force Protection <p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Islamic rule against graven images did not prevent early-modern Muslims from developing capacious traditions of representational art. It merely required them to develop an extra measure of creativity. Some artists kept to the prohibition’s letter (so to speak) by adapting the acceptable, even praiseworthy, art of calligraphy to the goals of the painter. Calligrams, drawings comprised of skillfully curved and interwoven Arabic verses, first appeared in Islamic art at least one thousand years ago. By the early modern period artists had developed the form to a high level. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">One <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454611">skillfully executed calligram</a>, drawn in 1766 CE (A.H. 1180) by Abd al-Qadir Hisari, now reposes in the collection of New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art. In it, golden Arabic letters trace out the hull, gunports, and windows of a three-masted Ottoman galleon. The artist has drawn in grey the sails, rigging, and two other warships in the background. Tiny “dust-letter” inscriptions in Ottoman (Arabic letters, Turkish words) run around the outside of the painting and adorn the edges of the waves, describing there the art and vicissitudes of sailing. The ship itself bears the monographic seal (or <i>tughra</i>) of Sultan Mehmet III, and a flag at the stern bears the Quran’s “throne verse,” which reads, in part, “Allah is He besides whom there is no god…His knowledge extends over the heavens and the earth; the preservation of them both tires him not.” The flag declares the ship’s owner a humble servant of God and invokes the supreme being’s protection. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;" /></span><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfVcEyovkpJI9fzMi3QwcwxhhT0FHaIEqFPUeAlI-Sk0lg71iAgIVessuPBpZpexJqsO4xN-Wx_huF8m2WqdtpDq7ydzaFD6WBhe5fsrSPRuOEY8LRqF2pItnymthNqVo23FaaNsEzqetY8rPDKHIj8dr7-BUA3Q4_ooLb7mcS4bP0bD0u1uM/s1200/Calligraphic%20Galleon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1200" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfVcEyovkpJI9fzMi3QwcwxhhT0FHaIEqFPUeAlI-Sk0lg71iAgIVessuPBpZpexJqsO4xN-Wx_huF8m2WqdtpDq7ydzaFD6WBhe5fsrSPRuOEY8LRqF2pItnymthNqVo23FaaNsEzqetY8rPDKHIj8dr7-BUA3Q4_ooLb7mcS4bP0bD0u1uM/w343-h304/Calligraphic%20Galleon.jpg" width="343" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Calligraphic Galleon," Metropolitan Museum of Art<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;" /></span><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is not the only protective device in the painting: the calligraphic letters that form the ship spell out the names of the “Seven Sleepers of Ephesus,” righteous men whom the Abrahamic deity protected by immuring them asleep in a cave. To some early-modern Muslims, including the artist, these names (which appear in the Quran) had almost magical protective powers; the Sleepers served the same function as saints in Christianity. Hisari’s painting is thus both aesthetically pleasing and practical: it twice asks for God’s blessing upon the sultan and his fleet.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: large;"><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;" /></span><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">God, it seems, helps those who help themselves, and reserves much of his aid for the prudent and humble. Mehmet III did not number these traits among his virtues. In 1768 the sultan, incensed by Russian troops’ border violations and goaded by his French allies, declared war on neighboring Russia. Mehmet perhaps believed that Ottoman forces would fare as well in this conflict as they had in the <a href="http://happenedstrangely.blogspot.com/2020/07/caught-car.html">1714-15 campaign against Venice</a> or in the 1735-39 war with Austria and Russia. If so he believed wrongly. At the Battle of Cesme (1770), Catherine II’s Mediterranean fleet sank an Ottoman naval force twice its size. Four years later, facing ongoing Russian incursions and Russian-inspired rebellions in Greece and the Levant, the Porte and the Empress signed a treaty ceding the Crimea to Russia (first as a protectorate, later outright) and ending Turkish dominance of the Black Sea. There’s only so much that good art can do.</span></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-33962077840372289052022-05-09T07:12:00.002-07:002022-05-09T07:12:27.235-07:00Diplomacy by Other Means<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Conventional histories of the United States paint a lurid portrait of the republic’s early relationship with the Muslim world, especially with the so-called Barbary Coast states of northern Africa. The particulars of the Americans’ first violent encounter with a North African principality complicates the usual account of scimitar-wielding “Barbary corsairs” demanding tribute or enslaving white sailors. In October 1784 the American brig <i>Betsey</i>, en route from Boston to Tenerife, was captured by Moroccan raiders and by them taken to Sale. Perhaps the ten crewmen expected enslavement, but instead local officials held them as hostages, by order of the Moroccan sultan. Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdallah (r. 1757-90), the prince in question, had ordered the ship taken and its crew held not because he thirsted for blood and plunder, but as a diplomatic gambit. The United States, whose independence the sultan had recognized in 1777, had promised to send treaty commissioners to Morocco after the Revolutionary War. The increasingly moribund postwar Congress, however, dithered too long for Sidi Muhammad’s liking, and failed to send him either gifts or contrite sentiments by way of apology.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_cyeLB5-sHIeF28TYZ8f6qu6UOicSl99yIiF64HIoXuqPhG--iqbqvWGa9lAXb4mhIAVZYlqln3htHvKtATILfTWRlAOiubmAv6cRRVQJ1-KZ2ibMgBE4JzPOv9wyVRT0bAh_zYlcYtzhIEUwrRtBG7PRS3T1GVYTd_iNlMeh00r2qNiwbHI/s640/Brig%20Maria%20Asumpta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="640" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_cyeLB5-sHIeF28TYZ8f6qu6UOicSl99yIiF64HIoXuqPhG--iqbqvWGa9lAXb4mhIAVZYlqln3htHvKtATILfTWRlAOiubmAv6cRRVQJ1-KZ2ibMgBE4JzPOv9wyVRT0bAh_zYlcYtzhIEUwrRtBG7PRS3T1GVYTd_iNlMeh00r2qNiwbHI/s320/Brig%20Maria%20Asumpta.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Modern brig (<i>Maria Asumpta</i>), by Murgatroyd49<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Muhammad very much wanted trade with the United States and other Atlantic polities. His principality was poor in resources and its people were mostly self-governing nomads, from whom the sultan could expect little in taxes. Sidi Muhammad also wanted other nations to take him seriously as a sovereign. The capture of the <i>Betsey </i>was essentially a bit of princely throat-clearing. One could draw a comparison between this act of violent communication and the sharp but limited attacks - coups, as the historian Matthew Jennings calls them - that Native American nations sometimes made against the settlements of Europeans who had not treated them with proper respect. The goal, in each case, was not to start a war but to remind the other polity of the comparative benefits of peace, and to remind them too not to take the attacker for granted.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sidi Muhammad’s act of diplomatic piracy paid off. The United States resumed communication with Morocco, and the sultan released his hostages into Spanish custody. In 1786 American commissions signed the <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1786t.asp">Treaty of Marrakesh</a>, a favorable commercial agreement with Morocco, henceforth a destination (if a marginal one) for American merchant ships. The treaty also clarified that the Moroccan state’s first attack on those ships was its last one: it guaranteed the Americans against detention and having to pay tribute to the sultan and his successors.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sources: Linda Colley, <i>The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh</i> (Doubleday, 2009); Gary Wilson, "American Hostages in Moslem Nations, 1784-1796," <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 2 (1982): 123-141.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-36520943505271704042022-02-16T16:54:00.000-08:002022-02-16T16:54:13.170-08:00Good Works: Against Malaria<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The name of the <a href="https://www.againstmalaria.com/https://www.againstmalaria.com/">Against Malaria Foundation</a> describes a goal rather than a moral position. Few, if any, people are FOR malaria,* a mosquito-borne illness that annually kills three hundred thousand children and sends 500 times that many kids and adults to the hospital. The name conceals the simplicity and effectiveness of the organization’s antimalarial strategy: to buy insecticide-treated malaria nets and distribute them in countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria is endemic and disruptive. There are other means of preventing malaria, including insecticide spraying, antimalarial drugs, and a new (if not yet fully reliable) vaccine. Most are still difficult to implement in poorer and more rural parts of Africa and South America, which makes nets much more immediately effective. Against Malaria’s strategy also allows it to share with donors how much their contribution is buying and where their nets are going, which can provide them with a welcome sense of connection to their good works.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>*Supporters of malaria tend to be Nazis, rather than people.</i> <br /></span></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-10423904878507552612021-12-22T07:53:00.001-08:002021-12-22T07:53:23.353-08:00Tired of Cursing the Darkness<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I'm beginning a series of posts here analogous to my annual "Any Good News?" offerings, a series in which I introduce or describe organizations that are actually trying to make good news. Some of these entries will discuss sensitive subjects like suicide or abortion, but it is hard to be a helper while avoiding the hard facts of life. Your humble narrator will provide donation links for those willing to lend a hand, financially speaking.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">** <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Herewith the obligatory PSA: if you or someone you know is in dire distress, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is 800/273-8255.<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">** <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">One of my writing instructors in college admonished me never to joke about two subjects: AIDS, and suicide. Neither, he said, was ever funny. I think he was almost entirely right, but also that he had never seen the movie </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Heathers </span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;">(1988), probably the best teen-angst picture of the 1980s. Michael Lehmann’s film mocked not suicide itself but the risible culture of suicide prevention, which in the Reagan era seemed to consist of empty admonitions masking adult indifference to young people’s suffering.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />Among the laudable goals of <a href="https://www.activeminds.org/">Active Minds</a>, a Philadelphia-based foundation with 1,000 local chapters around the United States, is to change the culture that <i>Heathers </i>effectively (if excessively) satirized. In the 2020s we are far likelier to recognize self-harm and suicide, particularly in young people, as signs not of spoiled self-indulgence but of treatable illness. The founders of Active Minds want to normalize conversations about mental illness, particularly on college and high-school campuses, using peer advocates, displays of empty backpacks (symbolizing the devastating impact of suicide on social networks), and a slogan, “The World Needs You Here,” that is far less vapid that “Teenage Suicide - Don’t Do It!” </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">It is certainly a healthier and more constructive approach than that of my alma mater and other so-called elite institutions: identifying badly depressed students and turfing them out before they become a potential legal liability. If we believe that a university or high school is the sum of its students, and not the details of its balance sheet, then Active Minds’ mission - making sure that students stay alive both in and out of school - is more consistent with the purpose of higher education. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmxvtigKJGNK0dsdSZlGkkvJPVZQ4tOXPtmDkIiunfab8u2rIxqdxibNqXctJXUHa7xAMY7801Xjq0x-YOKovA2SGL0Xus1JUDmV2n76mkM_ZDUTnj0nsN3yuFErEkeoGNCfx_ZHY_cHnIWQFN8xC5zaIlUxleZENMzg0bFaeX27hO2n6r3u4=s531" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="531" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmxvtigKJGNK0dsdSZlGkkvJPVZQ4tOXPtmDkIiunfab8u2rIxqdxibNqXctJXUHa7xAMY7801Xjq0x-YOKovA2SGL0Xus1JUDmV2n76mkM_ZDUTnj0nsN3yuFErEkeoGNCfx_ZHY_cHnIWQFN8xC5zaIlUxleZENMzg0bFaeX27hO2n6r3u4=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image via the Harvard <i>Crimson</i>, ironically enough.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Active Minds' donations page is <a href="https://support.activeminds.org/give/295403/#!/donation/checkout">here</a>.</i> <br /></span></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-32644211783872009102021-11-30T11:23:00.001-08:002021-11-30T11:23:17.015-08:00Any Good News in 2021?<p><span style="font-size: large;">As the days (in the Northern Hemisphere) grow shorter, coronavirus continues to ravage large parts of the world, the United States slouches toward fascism, and climate disasters grow ever more regular, it is easy to despair. The early months of winter are thus a good time to review the positive news stories of the year, via <a href="https://futurecrun.ch/goodnews">Future Crunch</a>. Few of these items made it to American newspapers or cable news services; all remind us that optimism is not an unrealistic outlook.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* Argentina legalized and Mexico decriminalized abortion, while Switzerland and several Mexican states legalized same-sex marriage.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* Suicide rates fell by 5 percent in the United States last year, despite the pandemic. American cancer death rates reportedly fell by 30 percent from 1990 to 2018. Europe also experienced declines. The World Health Organization approved for use the first malaria vaccine. Haiti brought its cholera epidemic under control - there have been no reported cases there since January 2019.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* New York and New Mexico legalized marijuana. Oregon decriminalized possession of all illegal drugs.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* Banks and governments pledged 14 billion dollars to fight deforestation in northern Africa. South Korea promised to plant 3 billion trees by 2050. Pakistan went ahead and planted 1.5 billion trees this year.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* Audi, Mercedes, and Volvo announced they will switch to all-electric car production by the end of the decade. Ford announced it will stop selling gas-powered cars in Europe by 2030. Barcelona began giving free three-year public-transit passes to residents who agreed to give up their cars.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* As of Fall 2021, endowment, pension, and sovereign-wealth funds worth 40 trillion dollars agreed partially or wholly to divest from fossil fuel production. China ended its funding of foreign coal-fired power plants and reduced the share of coal in its electricity budget below 50 percent. In the United States, the Biden administration ended support for the Keystone XL pipeline. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* The Canadian Mik'maq recovered their sovereign fishing rights. The Dakotas recovered sacred lands in Minneapolis; the Passamaquoddies bought back some of their ancestral land in Maine. Bison were reintroduced to the Salish-Kootenai reservation in Montana.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7013gxhwBqoe7BvhyphenhyphenmsuEQaP-ufYudNp4J0VfJc5iYqFwaKcJtoUwS8ZcLlS2tQTGvhtuXFA5ObDUmd_d0KoLy48dQWyDy-Ixw2vvB5fm3Tf9mZlNrOr6Srpyx-mq6sH8iVoM9w/s620/Santa+Bat.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="395" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7013gxhwBqoe7BvhyphenhyphenmsuEQaP-ufYudNp4J0VfJc5iYqFwaKcJtoUwS8ZcLlS2tQTGvhtuXFA5ObDUmd_d0KoLy48dQWyDy-Ixw2vvB5fm3Tf9mZlNrOr6Srpyx-mq6sH8iVoM9w/s320/Santa+Bat.png" width="204" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">Even misspellings yielded some nice results this year. The image here shows what happens when you try to google "Santa hat" and instead type "Santa bat." (Image courtesy of Jo Jorgensen, via Twitter.com.)<br /></span><p></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-11489673447271686682021-10-01T05:00:00.001-07:002021-10-01T05:00:00.196-07:00The Establishment Wears a Red Dress<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">To be an independent woman in Georgian England one needed a solid layer of money between oneself and the world. In this regard, Mary Edwards (1705-43) enjoyed the equivalent of steel armor plate. From her Anglo-Dutch parents she inherited realty investments worth 60,000 pounds per annum (eight million pounds sterling today). She held her property free and clear until her marriage, then shared her income with her spendthrift partner until she repudiated him in her thirties. Like many wealthy Georgians, Mary became a patron of the arts, and one of her beneficiaries, William Hogarth, immortalized her and her self-image in a 1742 portrait. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM3BBSoNy2mnsbkTWpV58U27eMkRCdpemnyuQ127fPjxjUtq352HMXWf93v6bMCqXFbCm7D_vilPvWJO_TCOmQFHK2Zp3owI2OFyQb8VyzU0SbkLictMwHWO4GfVMUNN9AZFgBqg/s599/Mary+Edwards.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="472" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM3BBSoNy2mnsbkTWpV58U27eMkRCdpemnyuQ127fPjxjUtq352HMXWf93v6bMCqXFbCm7D_vilPvWJO_TCOmQFHK2Zp3owI2OFyQb8VyzU0SbkLictMwHWO4GfVMUNN9AZFgBqg/s320/Mary+Edwards.jpg" width="252" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> <span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Edwards chose to emphasize her independence and the wealth that supported it. She and Hogarth thus de-emphasized or left out images and themes that suggested traditional femininity. Mary gazes directly at the viewer, her hair pulled back tightly from a high forehead, suggesting a cerebral nature. She wears not subdued pastels or virginal blue, but an eye-catching red damask gown trimmed with copious white lace, accessorized with enough diamonds to make Liz Taylor die of jealousy. A hunting dog, symbolizing the gentry's hunting privileges, sits at her feet in place of the submissive gentlewoman's lapdog. Her surroundings are those of a successful landowner or rentier (she was both): a dark-paneled office adorned with busts of King Alfred and Elizabeth I. Both monarchs the Georgian aristocracy considered defenders of English liberty, which is to say, their own privileges. The open page on the desk, <a href="https://www.madamegilflurt.com/2014/10/william-hogarth-and-miss-mary-edwards.html">containing a quote on liberty (again, patrician liberty) from Addison’s </a></span><a href="https://www.madamegilflurt.com/2014/10/william-hogarth-and-miss-mary-edwards.html"><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Cato</span></i></a><span style="font-family: Arial;">, strengthens this symbolic point. Mary sees herself not merely as an independent woman, but as a pillar of the political establishment, a steward of the landed wealth that helped England’s aristocracy defend themselves and their institutions against monarchical tyranny.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-size: large;">I don’t know if Edwards ever became actively engaged in electioneering, as some eighteenth-century noblewomen did. Likely she did not have time for it. She died only a year after Hogarth, more famous for his acerbic political cartoons, helped her define herself for posterity as a full member of the establishment.</span><br /></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22457440.post-22835337820204160532021-09-05T11:03:00.004-07:002021-09-05T11:03:49.967-07:00Deep Time: A One-Sentence Summary<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">John McPhee, with his characteristic elegance, once observed (in <i><span style="font-style: italic;">Annals of the Former World</span></i>) that he could summarize Earth’s geological history - or, at least, the processes that drove it - with a single sentence: “The summit of Mount Everest is marine limestone.” The highest single point on the Earth’s surface once lay below the Tethys Ocean, where 400 million years ago the remains of tiny creatures drifted to the sea bottom and cemented together. A third of a billion years later, in the Eocene Epoch, the Indian tectonic plate pushed northward into the Eurasian Plate. It moved with such force that it drove the collision zone, including Everest’s limestone, toward the stratosphere, and formed the highest mountain chain in the world.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ0So4U3KmmjT7APJgL4fn8ju8ZrTlgZKaIUtizy5T17IK6GrSuG8h8DTy5vgOMOUMkCgxg_WXck8K180-sHeX-xcgC1hHsH_krmZ112HPa0txqgK9db545CbydSwjcFuexNQNlg/s1000/Himalaya_annotated.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="1000" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ0So4U3KmmjT7APJgL4fn8ju8ZrTlgZKaIUtizy5T17IK6GrSuG8h8DTy5vgOMOUMkCgxg_WXck8K180-sHeX-xcgC1hHsH_krmZ112HPa0txqgK9db545CbydSwjcFuexNQNlg/s320/Himalaya_annotated.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The former Tethys seabed. (Source: Wikimedia)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">The resulting Himalayan Mountains are so voluminous, massive and full of heat-generating isotopes that they are, in fact, melting.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some of my readers might observe that this is old news to them. I dare say it is, since I’m describing events that are more than 40 million years old, but I present it as my beau ideal of summarizing one’s own work. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p>Dave Nicholshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00875499379638850312noreply@blogger.com1